Just Think and Twist

DEFINITION: A real-time system is one that must process information and produce a response within a specified time, else risk severe consequences, including failure. That is, in a system with a real-time constraint it is no good to have the correct action or the correct answer after a certain deadline • Hard real-time systems • An overrun in response time leads to potential loss of lifeand/or big financial damage • Many of these systems are considered to be safetycritical. • Sometimes they are “only” mission critical, with themission being very expensive. • In general there is a cost function associated with thesystem • Soft real-time systems Deadline overruns are tolerable, but not desired.• There are no catastrophic consequences of missing oneor more deadlines. • There is a cost associated to overrunning, but this costmay be abstract. • Often connected to Quality-of-Service (QoS) • Firm teal-time systems • The computation is

Software Reuse A definition of software reuse is the process of creating software systems from predefined software components. The advantage of software reuse:  The systematic development of reusable components.  The systematic reuse of these components as building blocks to create new systems. A reusable component may be code, but the bigger benefits of reuse come from a broader and higher-level view of what can be reused. Software specifications, designs, tests cases, data, prototypes, plans, documentation, frameworks, and templates are all candidates for reuse. Software reuse can cut software development time and costs. The major advantages for software reuse are to:  Increase software productivity.  Shorten software development time.  Improve software system interoperability.  Develop software with fewer people.  Move personnel more easily from project to project.  Reduce software development and maintenance costs.  Produce more standardized so

Coupling measures the strength of all relationships between functional units Advantages · A change in one module usually does not force a ripple-effect of changes in other modules. · Assembly of modules might require less effort and/or time due to the decreased inter-module dependency. · A particular module might be easier to reuse and/or test because dependent modules do not need to be included. Disadvantages · A change in one module usually forces a ripple effect of changes in other modules. · Assembly of modules might require more effort and/or time due to the increased inter-module dependency. · A particular module might be harder to reuse and/or test because dependent modules must be included. Contentcoupling(high) Content coupling is when one module modifies or relies on the internal workings of another module (e.g., accessing local data of another module). Therefore changing the way the second module produces data (locati

 Basically, functional requirements describe the features, functioning, and usage of a product/system/software from the perspective of the product and its user.  Although referred to as "requirements," they really are a form of design, albeit high-level.  Functional requirements also often are called "functional specifications," and "specification" is a synonym for design.  Non-functional requirements are not non-functional at all.  Rather, they describe various quality factors, or attributes, which affect the functionality's effectiveness.  They do not exist in the abstract but only with respect to relevant functionality.  They are often called "ilities," because many end in "ility," such as, usability, reliability, and maintainability

A typical Software Development life cycle consists of the following stages: · Stage 1: Planning and Requirement Analysis · Stage 2: Defining Requirements · Stage 3: Designing the product architecture · Stage 4: Building or Developing the Product · Stage 5: Testing the Product · Stage 6: Deployment in the Market and Maintenance · Requirement Gathering and analysis:             All possible requirements of the system to be developed are captured in this phase and documented in a requirement specification doc. · System Design:             The requirement specifications from first phase are studied in this phase and system design is prepared. System Design helps in specifying hardware and system requirements and also helps in defining overall system architecture. · Implementation:             With inputs from system design, the system is first developed in small programs called units, which are integrated in the next phase. Each unit is developed

Throwaway or Rapid Prototyping refers to the creation of a model that will eventually be discarded rather than becoming part of the final delivered software. After preliminary requirements gathering is accomplished, a simple working model of the system is constructed to visually show the users what their requirements may look like when they are implemented into a finished system. Various Rapid prototyping techniques i. Dynamic high level language development. ii. Database programming. iii. Component and application assembly. There are many advantages to using prototyping in software development – some tangible, some abstract. Reduced time and costs :             Prototyping can improve the quality of requirements and specifications provided to developers. Because changes cost exponentially more to implement as they are detected later in development, the early determination of what the user really wants can result in faster and less expensive softw

Software prototyping is the activity of creating prototypes of software applications, i.e., incomplete versions of the software program being developed. It is an activity that can occur in software development Types of prototyping Throwaway prototyping Also called close-ended prototyping. Throwaway or Rapid Prototyping refers to the creation of a model that will eventually be discarded rather than becoming part of the final delivered software. After preliminary requirements gathering is accomplished, a simple working model of the system is constructed to visually show the users what their requirements may look like when they are implemented into a finished system. Evolutionary prototyping Evolutionary Prototyping (also known as breadboard prototyping) is quite different from Throwaway Prototyping. The main goal when using Evolutionary Prototyping is to build a very robust prototype in a structured manner and constantly refine it. The reason for t

There are some challenges faced by the development team while implementing the software. Some of them are mentioned below: · Code-reuse - Programming interfaces of present-day languages are very sophisticated and are equipped huge library functions. Still, to bring the cost down of end product, the organization management prefers to re-use the code, which was created earlier for some other software. There are huge issues faced by programmers for compatibility checks and deciding how much code to re-use. · Version Management - Every time a new software is issued to the customer, developers have to maintain version and configuration related documentation. This documentation needs to be highly accurate and available on time. · Target-Host - The software program, which is being developed in the organization, needs to be designed for host machines at the customers end. But at times, it is impossible to design a software that works on the target machines

Evolutionary prototyping model is a software development lifecycle model in which software prototype created for demonstration and requirements elaboration. Evolutionary prototyping model includes the four main phases: · Definition the basic requirements · Creating the working prototype · Verification of the working prototype · Changing or elaboration the requirements Evolutionary prototyping model allows create working software prototypes fast and may be applicable to projects · System requirements early are not known in advance · Creating fundamentally new software · Developers are not confident in software architecture and algorithms

Software is prominent in most modern systems architectures and is often the primary means for integrating complex system components. Software engineering and systems engineering are not merely related disciplines; they are intimately intertwined. (See Systems Engineering and Other Disciplines.) Good systems engineering is a key factor in enabling good software engineering. Systems Engineering Methods Adapted to Software Engineering Stakeholder Analysis · Requirements Engineering · Functional Decomposition · Design Constraints · Architectural Design · Design Criteria · Design Trade offs · Interface Specification · Traceability · Configuration Management · Systematic Verification And Validation Software Engineering Methods Adapted to Systems Engineering · Model-Driven Development · UML-SysML · Use Cases · Object-Oriented Design · Iterative Development · Agile Methods · Continuous Integrat

There are following activities involved in risk management process: · Identification –            Make note of all possible risks, which may occur in the  project. · Categorize –           Categorize known risks into high, medium and low risk intensity  as per their possible impact on the project. · Manage –           Analyse the probability of occurrence of risks at various phases.  Make plan to avoid or face risks. Attempt to minimize their side-effects. · Monitor –            Closely monitor the potential risks and their early symptoms. Also  monitor the effects of steps taken to mitigate or avoid them.

Rapid Prototyping (RP) can be defined as a group of techniques used to quickly fabricate a scale model of a part or assembly using three-dimensional computer aided design (CAD) data. Rapid Prototyping has also been referred to as solid free-form manufacturing, computer automated manufacturing, and layered manufacturing. RP has obvious use as a vehicle for visualization. In addition, RP models can be used for testing, such as when an airfoil shape is put into a wind tunnel. RP models can be used to create male models for tooling, such as silicone rubber molds and investment casts. In some cases, the RP part can be the final part, but typically the RP material is not strong or accurate enough. When the RP material is suitable, highly convoluted shapes (including parts nested within parts) can be produced because of the nature of RP.

Suitability of RAD The following criteria can be evaluated to determine whether the development would suit a RAD style: Project Scope:                    If the scope is focused and the business objectives are well defined and narrow, then the project is suitable for RAD. Conversely if the scope of the business objectives is obscure or broad then the project is unsuitable for RAD. Project Data:                             Data for the project already exists (completely or in part). The project largely comprises analysis or reporting of the data then the project is suitable for RAD. However, if the Data is complex and voluminous and therefore must be analysed, designed and created within the scope of the project, then the project is unsuitable for RAD. Project Decisions:                     If project or development decisions can be made by a small number of people who are available and, preferably co-located, then it is suitable for RAD. If man

China has unveiled the world's first battery-powered hanging trains which will suspend passengers in mid-air and look more like rollercoasters The world's first battery-powered 'rollercoaster' trains which hang from the track suspended in mid-air have been unveiled in China. The incredible hanging carriages were filmed in action in Chengdu, reaching speeds of up to 37mph on the upside down monorail. The fascinating trains, powered by lithium batteries, will be able to carry 120 passengers in each carriage. But no official opening date has been announced for the suspended railway, with tests expected to continue following Friday's successful run. Zhai Wanming, chief designer of the project, told People's Daily China that the new train is more cost-effective and environmentally friendly compared to electric and diesel rail systems. Nissan launches self-driving robot chairs - so you can now queue while sitting down Wangming added: 'The test runs wi

 Watch the full video of Aamir Khan's body transformation from 97 kgs to six packs for Dangal here. Dangal is an extraordinary true story based on the life of Mahavir Singh and his two daughters, Geeta and Babita Phogat. The film traces the inspirational journey of a father who trains his daughters to become world class wrestlers.

Taking Jio's offer a step further, Mukesh Ambani, Chairman and Managing Director of Reliance Industries Limited, on Thursday launched 'Jio Happy New Year' offer for its new and existing customers. To enable digital transactions, especially among small merchants, Reliance Industries on Thursday announced it was launching next week its Jio-Money Merchant Solutions.

Tom Cruise headlines a spectacular, all-new cinematic version of the legend that has fascinated cultures all over the world since the dawn of civilization:  The Mummy.  Thought safely entombed in a tomb deep beneath the unforgiving desert, an ancient princess (Sofia Boutella of Kingsman: The Secret Service and Star Trek Beyond) whose destiny was unjustly taken from her is awakened in our current day, bringing with her malevolence grown over millennia and terrors that defy human comprehension. From the sweeping sands of the Middle East through hidden labyrinths under modern-day London, The Mummy brings a surprising intensity and balance of wonder and thrills in an imaginative new take that ushers in a new world of gods and monsters.  Cruise is joined by a cast including Annabelle Wallis (upcoming King Arthur, television’s Peaky Blinders), Jake Johnson (Jurassic World), Courtney B. Vance (TV’s American Crime Story: The People V. O.J. Simpson) and Oscar® winner Russell Cro

1. What is meant by the soft   real-time   system? It provides priority to the tasks based on their criticality. It does not guarantee completion of critical tasks in time. 2. What is meant by distributed systems? A distributed system is basically a collection of autonomous computer systems which co-operate with one another through their h/w and s/w interconnections. 3. What are the disadvantages of distributed systems? Ø Security weakness Ø Over dependence on performance and reliability Ø Maintenance and control become complex 4. What are the modes of operation in Hardware Protection? Ø User Mode Ø Monitor Mode 5. What are Operating Services? Normally, an operating system provides certain services to programs and to the users of those programs. Some of them are: Ø Program Execution. Ø I/O operations Ø File-system manipulation Ø Communications Ø Error Detection 6. What is System Programs? System programs prov